Do extracurricular programs reduce the stress of students

Do extracurricular programs reduce the stress of students Life as a student is resplendent with assignments, essays and study. Not to mention all the extracurricular activities that has to be done. Of course, as a student, a common problem that cant be avoided is feeling stress. In the beginning of this paper, it will discuss and explain about stress and source of stress. Studies and statistical evidence are given to proof that students around the world are facing the same problem; stress. Next, this paper will discuss about how stress is reduced. There are some method such as the coping strategies, General Adaptation Syndrome and theory of relaxation. In this part of the paper, we will go through these ways of coping in details and relate it to the life of a student. The students can use these methods to help them reducing, deal with the stress. The conclusion of this essay will evaluate and conclude about the stress reducing ways. Most of the student cant handle their stress because they said that there are no ways to confront stress, but this essay clearly shows that there are ways that can be used to cope with stress. In the end, this essay emphasized the importance of coping with stress as it helps students to do well in their academic. With clear understanding, maybe students will not experience stress as appalling as today in the future. A research entitled Colleges Students Academic Stress and Its Relation to Their Anxiety, Time Management And Leisure Satisfaction conducted by Dr. Ranjita Misra(PhD CHES)  [1]  and Michelle McKean  [2]  among 249 Midwestern University undergraduates. Respondent were randomly chosen from the university index list. The research shows that the stress among the colleges students highly increases nationwide (Sax, 1997). Students reported stress at the peak at predictable times each semester with the most sources of academic stress resulting from rank competition, the bulky amount of content to master in a little amount of time and taking and studying for exams (Abouserie, 1994; Archer Lamnin, 1985; Britton Tesser, 1991; Kohn Frazer, 1986). When stress is professed depressingly or becomes too much, students experience physical and psychological harm (Murphy Archer, 1996). Generally, higher stress was experienced as a result of self-imposed stress and pressure, not because of co nflict, dissatisfaction and pressure. The result of the research also shows that in general, female students facing less stressful moment than male students, proven that female students deal with their stress better, some correlation can be seen based on how they perceived stress, manage their time well, more than the male students. Leisure activities such as sports, singing, hanging out with friends and doing community services successfully trim down academic stress among college students. Apart from that, an aesthetic surroundings and recreation benefits also contributed to lessen stress. Tested in the research, time management behaviours had greater effect to minimize academic stress compared to outdoor activities (leisure, sports, and community services). But it is also different between male and female students. Previous studies have shown that problem solving is an important coping strategy that can reduce, minimize, or prevent stress by enabling a person to better manage dail y problematic situations and their emotional effects (DZurilla Sheedy, 1991). There are proofs that extracurricular activities can helps to decrease the stress experienced by the students but the research also shown that extracurricular activities is not the best way that can be make use of by students to lessen their stress. In MARA College Banting (MCB), the extracurricular activities are known as the CAS programme. CAS is the abbreviation for creative, action and services. Every MCB students are required to do 180 hours of CAS programmes. As students, they cant escape themselves from studying and not to mention, the stress. CAS programmes should help the MCB students to reduce their stress but how and to what extend does this programme help. Stress Stress is quite similar with the concept of love. It can be felt, but it cant be described. It is the state of being in pressure resulted from things that happening around them. According to Hans Selye, stress is a concept which has suffered from the mixed blessing of being too well known and too little understood  [3]  . Well, parents talk about the burden raising children, teachers talk about the pressure in school, workers talk about low salary and students talk about the endless assignments. These are the indicator that stress is everywhere. Selye also divided stress into two, named them eustress and distress. Eustress refers to the positive stress where it is essential to have this kind of stress. Example of eustress is feeling nervous about getting married or feeling nervous about scoring a penalty in a football match. Meanwhile, distress is the negative stress, which is not good to ones health. Example of distress is worrying because not ready for examination or failing a test. Sources of Stress There are many sources or things that can be the source of stress. The changes, whether it is pleasant or unpleasant, that happen around us can appear to be the source of stress. Deaths, family, studies, workplace, all this have their own contribution to stress. Traumatic events such as death or natural disaster (floods, drought, and tornado) can be last longer and give more impact to one person. It can happen directly or indirectly to a stressor. Some research shown that stress cause by daily activities can be more stressful compared to main events such as death. Missed a bus or forgot where you keep your keys can be really tense to some people. How Stress Is Reduced Blazing the trail, we are going to look at the General Adaptation Syndrome, also known as GAS, identified by Selye (1976). GAS is a non-specific physiological reaction that occurs to a range of nerve-racking stimuli. Overall, the GAS is divided into three phases. The first phase of GAS is the Alarm Reaction. Basically, the stimuli that causes stress is detected, the hypothalamus of the brain reacts in two ways: it activates pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), stimulated adrenal gland to activate adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids and this will hinder immune system reaction, inhibits tissue irritation and releases energy from the liver. The other reaction of the hypothalamus is it activates the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, makes the adrenal gland to release adrenaline and noradrenaline, preparing the person with flight or fights reactions of increased heart and breathing rate, includes blood pressure and muscle tension. Usually phase one takes place without one realising it, except if they were in emergency such as being punish or involved in a fight. Stage two comes to pass after Alarm Reaction, which is called the Stage of Resistance, where the body retain arousal at a lower level. This stage however, is different depends on the individual itself. Behavioural coping style maybe different between two individual. Optimal arousal theory states that up to a level stress can provide a beneficial motivating effect that helps deal with the source of stress. Mentioned earlier, different people use different coping strategies, some exploit problem-focused strategies and deal with the source of stress and some become accustomed to emotion-focused strategies and try to deal with its effects. Besides, some people have type A personality that create and maintain high level of stress in their life (Friedman and Rosenman, 1974). These people are usually insistent, spirited and highly obsessed perfectionists who will n ot entrust and are intolerant towards others. Hardy personality (Kobasa, 1979) suggests that people that people are less exposed to end product of stress because they have vast sense of control over, more positive attitude towards nerve-racking dealings. Controlling the sense during the stressful event can helps to reduce the effects of stress. Apart from that, gender and cultural factors may be at variance in the sum and category of stress experienced. For example, men that socialize more may have less difficult to deal with their stress. Lets go into phase three, the Stage Of Exhaustion, where in this phase, the persons body will eventually get exhausted and turn out negative physiological and psychological effects. Apparently, stress can reduce the immune system and exposed the body to more infections such as ulcer (Brady, 1958), asthma (Miller and Strunk, 1979), colds (Stone et al, 1987) and cancer (Jacobs and Charles, 1980). Somehow, stress prompted the heart rate and blood pre ssure, worsen and jamming the blood vessel hence increasing the cardiovascular disorder. Over three thousand men that have the type A personality were more likely to be ill with heart diseases (Rosenman et al, 1975). Any student or person will likely to have anger and frustration as part of their manner to lessen stress. Some person that cant deal with it well are more exposed to depression and helplessness where this can comes together with anxiety, that is generally, too bad to our health. As described earlier, as part of the fight or flight situations, our body will releases hormones and many neurotransmitters. For aid adaptation and survival, these are crucial. Mentioned previously, when facing a stressor, the parasympathetic nervous system will response and these is intended as the adaptive response to force the body into actions and to do more physical activities, where we maybe experience some anger or fear or increasing respiration rates. Furthermore, being physically fit also engages with reduced risk for many conditions including heart disease and stroke. While doing physical activities, the extra chemicals released as a result of experiencing stress are used up. This will make a feeling of relaxation occur, after a period of exercise. Exercise is very beneficial to the body but some still find it difficult to find time, and that is why CAS programmes are planned for all students. Doing activities with partners is really useful, provided that one must try to in clude exercise schedule into their daily routine. Exercise actually acts like an antidepressant and boost up ones mood. But question is, why? This has urged a group of doctors from Nottingham Trend University to make research about this. The researchers suggest that a chemical named phenyl ethylamine could play a role. This chemical has been related to regulation of physical energy, attention and mood where it will be change into phenyl acetic acid by an enzyme. It is proven that the biological fluids in depressed patient have low level of both substances. In the first attempt to test the influence of exercise on levels of the chemical, they found out that level of the chemical increased by 76.8% after exercise. The test was conducted on twenty healthy men, with a standard age of 22. All repeatedly did around four hours of fair to hard aerobic and anaerobic exercise every week. Before they start the study, they abstained from exercise for a day, and a urine test was completed to che ck for levels of phenyl acetic acid, the most precise amount of the chemical. Exercised for half an hour on a treadmill at 70% of maximum heart capability is good since mood changes are usually reported at that level. Proven by the urine levels, it was found that phenyl acetic acid levels were increased in 18 of the 20 men. Quoted from one of the researcher from Nottingham Trent University, Dr. Ellen Billet  [4]  said: We are quite sure that there may be an effect of exercise on phenyl ethylamine. We also recognized that modest exercise has these positive effects. Meanwhile, a spokesperson for the mental health charity said that physical exercise has a compelling place in the management and avoidance of some mental health problems. In a latest survey of gym customers, 75% said they exercised to trim down their stress levels and 67% said they used exercise to retain their mental health. She also is calling for all doctors to offer exercise sessions on recommendation to patients w ith mental health problems, predominantly as we know that the majority people with mental health problems dont know this non-drug treatment alternative exists. A progressive muscle relaxation has proven to give highly effective stress reduced. By carry out relaxation, it prop up the parasympathetic nervous system activities and thus restore functioning and promotes rest. Some of the students in KMB practice a yoga-like doings and tai-chi (a type of traditional Chinese method to relax), and surprisingly, it works. They just spent only about thirty minutes in the evening, and I believe that is not impossible to be done. The common thing that students do when they try to deal with stress is, they tend to eat a lot. Well, to some people it does ease their stress but it is actually not a good thing to be done. What can really help is to control the food that we eat. Scrupulously, food materials such as nicotine and caffeine (also known as sympathomimetics) stimulate the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system. As a result, they boost blood pressure, heart rate and metabolic rate, where these can help the body system to be more reactive to stress especially when we are out in the open to a stressor. For instance, doing a ToK presentation, the student will feel more anxious and diminished performance. Biologically, stress can have an effect on absorption of certain vitamins. The release of cortisol (a  steroid  hormone  secreted by the  adrenal gland) for example, occurs following sympathetic nervous system activation requires the use of B-complex vitamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, vitamin C, and pyridoxine hydrochloride. Over a period of persistent stress, the supply of these vitamins in the body will lessen. And when that happens, the body cannot support or handle the cause of stress; it reduces the effectiveness to stressor. This possibly will results in adverse physical symptoms such as stomach ache, muscular weakness and physical mayhem (insomnia, depression, anxiety). To make sure that the body get all that it needs, eat fortified cereals, vegetables, fruits, fish as well as liver as it contains the B-complex vitamins. As for vitamin C, eat a lot of cabbages, potatoes, tomatoes and any other citrus fruits that you would like. Not to be forgotten, exposed to constant stress can direct to lower calcium level as it mess about the calcium absorption in the intestine. Vitamin B-complex are also needed in processed flour and ingesting sugars. Ability to response to stressor minimize due to the rundown of stores of cortisol. Stress itself helps to raise blood sugar level because it has known that exposure to continual stress have an adverse effect on the production of insulin in the body. This occurrence may elucidate why diabetes mellitis occurs to some people. Its a insulin producing disorder. People whose had a sodium related disorder, may affected by salt, increasing the body to preserve fluid. The subsequent increase in blood pressure while facing the stressor may leave the person at higher risk of stroke and heart attack. Cognitive restructuring is another method that can help to release stress. Is it a method where negative thought, misconception or absurd thinking that facilitate stressful reaction are replaced with more positive, realistic and practical thought that helps to reduce the persons judgment of menace or mischief. Two approaches that have been widely use by therapist to help restructuring thoughts are the Aaron Becks cognitive therapy and Albert Ellis rational emotive therapy. In addition, there is also another system known as the stress-inoculation, developed by Donald Meichenbaum. It involves a few steps which are conceptualisation, skills acquisition and rehearsal, and application and follow through. First of all, the person learns about the nature of stress and how people react to it, taking examples from own personal experiences will be helpful. Then, find out the range of cognitive and behavioural techniques including cognitive restructuring, relaxation, and how to get community su pport (friends, teachers and family). Respond to stressors introduced in therapy in a categorized progression and be present at the follow-up sessions (Meichenbaum and Deffenbacher, 1988). About the self-control, one must believe in their self that they can change what is happening to them, which will make it better in favour of them to deal with the stress. On the other hand, a person will find it more difficult to muddle through the stress if they keep thinking that it is out of their control or it is fated. People tend to only bear in mind about the negative side of things. For instance, rather than thinking that a forthcoming presentation as a prospect of failing, think of it as a chance to improve your public speaking. You may not know everything about something, but try to concentrate on the things that you know and possibly will be surprised about the outcome. How do we think, is what we can control. Try to use thought stopping method. It is very easy yet efficient in lessen stress. It is important that every time a negative thought appears, stop it, and tell yourself that you will not tolerate yourself to have pessimistic thoughts. At the same time, stop, relax, and try to breathe. Practise relaxation method. It has some sensation effect that will act as a supporter to bring to an end to the negative thought. Have you ever saw a group of people laughing while you were jogging? Dont worry, they are not crazy. Maybe the term laughter is the best medicine is quite common in our daily life today. It has been well known that laughter can minimize stress. Researchers found out that humour in reaction to stressful situation brings many advantages. Laughter can turn out in physiological changes including an increase in heart rate, oxygen exchange and muscle activities (sympathetic nervous system activity). This can direct to an eventual reduction in these activities to beneath baseline producing a state of relaxation, which is the parasympathetic nervous system activation. Therefore, if you are feeling stress after the hard study time, while doing CAS activities, have a laugh with your friends. I am quite sure that every student have been exposed to, at least once, a motivational talk about how to plan their time. If you are smart, you will plan and manage your time effectively as it helps to get rid of stress. For instance, if you are feeling stress because you have a placement interview, do not turn up late at the interview place. This will buy you some time to relax and to do some relaxation, it really helps. Similarly, if you cannot finish you work or study in your room for the reason that you kept been distracted, arrange your time efficiently and try to find time to study in the library or anywhere that you feels comfortable. It surely can help to lessen stress and helps to focus more. One more thing that is essential to help reduce stress is the social support that can be gained from friends, teachers and family. Stress effects are lowered with a good social support group. That is why, an excellent and healthy relationship with friends, teachers and family are vital. People, who are friendless and alone, are more risky to stress and also mental related problems. For example, a recent survey shows that two third of the people affected by mental illness, admit that they feeling lonely all the time or often. This survey was made in Australia. In addition to friends and teachers, besides family, CAS programme at the local community centre provide the opportunity to have a healthy social relations. The social support is like a central coping technique. It possibly will work in two ways which is the buffering effect or the direct effect. The buffering effect shields a person from the unfavourable effects of stress. In the other hand, the direct effect may be priceless a nd positive in its own right. Both model of effect is acceptable and reveals multiple paths through which stress and even health outcomes are influenced (Cohen and Wills, 1985). Actually, it might be better to consider social support in a system context. This is the connection between the person and social support is a continuous matter that engages two-way feedback of both negative and positive feeling. One thing that will surely helps is exercise regulatory or disregulatory effects on the other as the connection continues (Leavy, 1983). Well, if one just depends on the social support to minimize their stress, it may have only minute effect, but when pooled with other relaxation techniques, it has enormous effect. According to Schultz and Saklofske (1983), the quantity of the social support is not as important as the quality of it. A person, who received a low quality social support, although it was more than enough, was reported feeling more alone than a person who had a little bu t higher quality of social support. The importance of social support might be different, depends on the type of cause of stress. Various stressors that never experienced by others are faced by families with handicapped member (Yablin, 1986) and they seeming benefit from their social supports (Kirkham, Schilling, Norelius and Schinke, 1986). Plus, families dealing with illness seem to be much better when they have strong social support contrast to those who has no such support (Shapiro, 1983). A research reported that men with AIDS and AIDS-related problems experience increased distress whey they were not given enough support (Zich and Temoshok, 1987). Social support also seems to be a buffer against severe coronary artery disease in type A personalities (Blumenthal et al., 1987). Students should have their own stand, their own attitude and principles. It is not only for self confidence, but also in helping to reduce stress. The use of religious practise and spiritual beliefs is a neglected element of strategies of cope with stress. Noted that the religious group support are strong whose influence has not been appropriately assessed. A research conducted by Higher Education Research Institute, University of California found out that college students who take part in religious and spiritual activities are more possible to have a better stress level than students who didnt participate in religious activity at all. Besides that, students who did not join religious activities are more twofold more likely to be reported with mental health and depression compared to students who attended religious activities constantly. According to Alexander Astin  [5]  , co-principal investigator for the research involving 3,680 third-year college students, sense of psychologi cal well-being of one also contributed by being religious and spiritual. Those who play a part in religious conduct also are less likely to undergo overwhelmed during classes. Examples of religious activities are reading holy texts, joining religious organization and attending religious activities. These result are vital because psychological well-being becomes lesser throughout the duration, Astin says. One out of five students has consult the counsellor for personal counselling since becoming the students there, and 77% of the students claim seeming depressed regularly or irregularly during the years before. No more than 61% of the students were feeling depressed commonly or rarely when they first started college. This is still a very high number since official statistics signify that only 25% of the population suffers from depression. These are all related, feeling good about your life and high self esteem has a connection to high degree of spiritual. The research labelled spirit uality as desiring to assimilate religion into ones life, believing in the purity of life and having divine experiences. But the study too finds that extremely spiritual students are more exposed to experience spiritual distress, or feeling anxious about pious, than students who arent actively religious. Being religious also could play a part in whether someone starts to swig drinks that contains alcohol while in college. More than 70% of students who dont drink alcohol before registered in college wont set off in college if they got themselves in religious doings, the study reported, but only less than that of students will go on to give up if not occupied religiously. The question that arises is whether the students who do religious activities have really healthy psychological or healthy psychological students who go and seek for religious activities. The research also unearthed that 77% of college students pray, 78% have a discussion about religious conviction with acquaintances, and 76% are looking for significance and reason in life. Last but not least, the relaxation using words also helps. For example, relax, take it easy and chill out are commonly used by us. These words form the important part of cue-controlled relaxation. The secret is effortless; the repeated words will enable the body to do the response automatically. The process is something that we want to control, and we can control it. The words act as a signal for the body to do the required response. It triggers the response of relaxation. Yes, maybe at first, it doesnt mean anything. But after the words have been connected to the relaxation, it will induce the response directly. Just say the words and relax.

Internal Controls Relating to the Bjb Company

All publicly trader companies in the USA are required to maintain and have an up to date system of internal controls. Since the LJB Company is wishing to become a public entity, I am glad to be able to assist in this action. First, the rules and regulations must be reviewed and compared to the company and how it can become public. To make the company attractive to buyers, investors, and other capital sources, it is crucial that the corporate organization and governance are well manifested. Corporate executives and the board of directors within a corporation must ensure that these internal controls are effective.The reliability and efficiency of the internal controls must be directed and supervised by the board of directors and corporate executives (Kimmel 345). Because the LJB Company is a small sized company in regards to the employee number, there should be a re-evaluation of the costs versus the benefits of being a publicly traded company. It would be best to know how the company would deal with stock in this case. A stock report needs to be made and discussed further regarding the number of shares, issuing stock, and stock value for the LJB Company.To safeguard the assets, enhance the reliability of the accounting records, increase efficiency within the financial operations, safeguard the assets of the company, and ensure proper compliance with the laws and regulations, the Internal Control report is crucial to the company. A controlled environment, risk assessment, activity control, information and communication, and group monitoring should all be a part of the internal control report (Kimmel 349). From the given information, the internal control components of an effective internal control system are not as efficient as they can be.Because LBJ is trying to go public in the near future, there are some requirements that must be met in within the internal control system. It is the responsibility of the management on how important ethics are within the organiz ation. Secondly, the management should address the employees on what kind of risks are associated in regards to having unethical activity. One example is fraud. In order tor educe fraud, the management must implement policies and procedures regarding education in what the consequence of the employee and company will be if fraud is detected.Due to the small number of employees in the LJB Copmany, there is an advantage over competitors. Because employees show long term commitment, there is a loyalty and employee retention. It is also easier to manage the employees and implementing new rules and regulations will be handled in an easier manner. The decision to switch to pre-numbered invoices was a great idea by the accountants and the indelible ink machine purchase was a great investment. These pre-numbered invoices are going to be a great aid in preventing transactions more than once and will be helpful in keeping track of recorded transactions.It will also help the timeliness of the a ccounting entries from the employees’ transactions. This will restore the reliability of the accounting records and their accuracy. The use of physical controls like this is crucial in the internal control environment. In addition, the holding of checks in a safe place is in accordance with the principles of internal physical control as well and it reflects the safeguard of assets—which in turn, improves the reliability and accuracy of the accounting records.Because of the monthly bank reconciliation and sole purchasing of the supplies, the accountant is acting as a treasurer and controller at the same time it seems. This is a violation of the segregation of duties principle (Kimmel 355). Various frauds are possible when this dual role is employed. In order to deliver an effective and controlled system within the internal controls environment, the use of physical custody needs to be separated from record keeping duties. Fraudulent activity will be detected if documenta tion and independent verification is not employed.In regards to cash receipts, there should be a designated employee such as a cashier to handle the cash. Also, proper cash recording of receiving and having custody of cash, cash register and over the counter receipts, total deposits of receipts, register receipts, as well as bank deposit slips should be performed daily (as frequent as possible). Lastly, there should be a limited authorized employee number to handle the company cash safes and cash storage in the bank (Kimmel 352). The internal controls of the LJB Company would benefit from authorizing employees that are designated for treasury purposes only.These individuals would only deal with checks and approve payments while keeping account for the checks with an approved invoice, as well as stamping each approved invoice that has been paid. Secondly, there needs to be a safe or vault that stores the blank checks and it is restricted access to only certain authorized individuals. The machine needs to be printed with indelible ink for the correct amount. Lastly, there needs to be monthly reconciliations of bank and book balances; the company needs to have approved invoices of checks before issuing payment(s).The internal control principles are based on responsibility of different employees. In the case that all employees have access to the petty cash drawer, it will be impossible to determine who may be responsible for an error if it occurred. It would be recommended that only one person is responsible for this handling. This petty cash should be held in a safe or vault and the person designated for access should report to the supervisor on a weekly basis in regards to the withdrawals therein. Lastly for the LJB Company, to ensure proper employee conduct and ethical conduct, the hiring process is very important for the internal control issue.The human resources department should control and monitor background checks that are thorough and confidential. The co mpany’s information and security is at risk with the employees, so making sure that the employee value integrity will be crucial in the long-run success of the company. In order to have better physical internal control and human resource control, there needs to be restricted access to computers and information therein. First and foremost, there needs to be an installed software program that blocks certain websites.Upon hiring, the employee should attain his or her own password and login to have access to the computer. Software also exists that detects the websites accessed and a track record of login at particular times. Once an employee has their own login and password, they are solely responsible for the work they do on that computer. In summary, if all of the above listed suggested practices are taken into account and properly implemented, the LJB Company will thrive as a the publicly traded corporation. References Kimmel. Financial Accounting. 6. VitalSource Bookshelf. Jo hn Wiley & Sons.

History of the 1920 Olympics in Antwerp

The 1920 Olympic Games (also known as the VII Olympiad) closely followed the ending of World War I, being held from April 20 to September 12, 1920, in Antwerp, Belgium.  The war had been devastating, with massive destruction and monstrous loss of life, leaving many countries unable to participate in the Olympic Games. Still, the 1920 Olympics went on, seeing the first use of the iconic Olympic flag, the first time a representative athlete took the official Olympic oath, and the first time white doves (representing peace) were released. Fast Facts: 1920 Olympics Official Who Opened the Games:  King Albert I of BelgiumPerson Who Lit the Olympic Flame:  (This was not a tradition until the 1928 Olympic Games)Number of Athletes:  2,626 (65 women, 2,561 men)Number of Countries: 29Number of Events:  154 Missing Countries The world had seen much bloodshed from World War I, which made many wonder whether the wars aggressors should be invited to the Olympic Games. Ultimately, since the Olympic ideals stated that all countries should be allowed entrance into the Games, Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Hungary were not forbidden to come, they were also not sent an invitation by the Organizing Committee. (These countries were again not invited to the 1924 Olympic Games) In addition, the newly formed Soviet Union decided not to attend. (Athletes from the Soviet Union did not reappear at the Olympics until 1952.) Unfinished Buildings Since the war had ravaged throughout Europe, funding and materials for the Games was difficult to acquire. When the athletes arrived in Antwerp, construction had not been completed. Besides the stadium being unfinished, the athletes were housed in cramped quarters and slept on folding cots. Extremely LowAttendance Though this year was the first that the official Olympic flag was flown, not many were there to see it. The number of spectators was so low—mainly because people could not afford tickets after the war—that Belgium lost over 600 million francs from hosting the Games. Amazing Stories On a more positive note, the 1920 Games was notable for the first appearance of Paavo Nurmi, one of the Flying Finns. Nurmi was a runner who ran like a mechanical man - body erect, always at an even pace. Nurmi even carried a stopwatch with him as he ran so that he could evenly pace himself. Nurmi returned to run in the 1924 and the 1928 Olympic Games winning, in total, seven gold medals. The Oldest Olympic Athlete Although we normally think of Olympic athletes as young and strapping, the oldest Olympic athlete of all time was 72 years old. Swedish shooter Oscar Swahn had already participated in two Olympic Games (1908 and 1912) and had won five medals (including three gold) before appearing at the 1920 Olympics.   At the 1920 Olympics, 72-year-old Swahn, sporting a long white beard, won a silver medal in the 100-meter, team, running deer double shots.

Leadership Is Not About The Laws Of Acceptable Behavior

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Psychologist believe humans develop morality by learning the rules of acceptable behavior from their external environment (an essentially behaviorist approach) (Daeg de Mott 436). When somehow a lack of morality exists within the leadership of a society, it has led to the deterioration of that society along with death and destruction. Societies have been led down paths of inhumane acts. Hitler was such a charismatic leader that he convinced Germans that people of the Jewish faith were somehow less human. 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According to the Oxford dictionary ethics is defined as moral principles that govern a persons or groups behavior. Moreover, the Oxford Dictionary defines the word leadership as follow â€Å"the action of leading a group of individuals or an organization. Ethical and moral leadership are related to concepts such as trust, honesty, consideration and more. Daniel PalmerRead MoreThe Code Of Silence Essays996 Words   |  4 Pagesrules when they begin employment. This process and these rules serve two main purposes. First, this process is designed to minimize the chances of external or internal controls being mobilized to address the behaviors and, secondly, to keep corrupt activities at a level that is acceptable and likely undetectable. The rule most often referred to in this connection, is the â€Å"Code of Silence.† Officers are socialized into not cooperating with investigations regarding fellow officers. Whether or not

The Battle Of Saratoga And Indian War - 981 Words

Boom! Boom! Boom! Do you hear that? That’s what led to the revolution. Some events that led to the revolution are: The French and Indian War, The Battle of Saratoga and many other events. The American Revolution was between the Americans led by George Washington , and the British led by General Howe and General Cornwallis. The two enemies have been fighting for several of years. There are series of wars that led to the revolution. These series if wars lasted for several of years also. This is were the war begins. The Navigation Act was passed between 1650 and 1696. It limited colonial trade by using the system of merchantalism. It forbade colonist from trading specific items such as sugar and cotton. The colonist reactions were different though. They would end up protesting about the unfair taxes, and requirements they were expected to follow under the act. England responded to these protest by saying it would benefit everyone because there was was a steady market f or these goods in England. Not all colonist agreed. Some resorted to smuggling items in and out of the colonies because of the way the British were treating them. Do you know what the French and Indian war was over? The war was between the British and French over the fur trade. The trade smacked the British and the colonist right in the face. Prime Minister, George Grenville, asked parliament to pass higher taxes on the colonies to pay for the war debt and protection. Colonist believed thatShow MoreRelatedEssay about How did King George III lose his 13 American Colonies?1038 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Revolutionary War was the taxes imposed on the colonies by Britain. If a closer look is taken at the history of the Americas, however, it is easy to see that idea of freedom had been pulsing through the colonies for years. 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Globalization Positive Effects Free Essays

University American College Skopje School of Business Administration Final paper Spring Semester 2011 International Management Globalisation Instructor:Student: Professor Dimitrios E. Akrivoulis Vlatko Bogoevski ID: 9243 Skopje, April, 2011 Table of content: Globalization Impact of the globalization Positive effects of the globalization †¢ Increased Competition †¢ Employment †¢ Investment and Capital Flows †¢ Foreign Trade †¢ Spread of Technical Know-How †¢ Spread of Culture †¢ Spread of Education †¢ Legal and Ethical Effects Negative impact of the globalization †¢ Employment issues Safety and security concerns †¢ Environmental issues †¢ Other negative effects What is the influence of the globalization process in India Globalization effect to the Indian women What are the main players in the process of Globalizations †¢ Transnational Corporations †¢ Investors †¢ World Trade Organization †¢ World Bank and IMF †¢ U. S. We will write a custom essay sample on Globalization Positive Effects or any similar topic only for you Order Now Treasury Department †¢ NGO’s Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the topic of Globalization. Specifically it will discuss the positive and negative effects of the Globalizations, and how it reflected to the Indian market. In addition, it will provide information of the main players in the globalization process and which organizations played the most important rule in setting up the international law and regulations. Summary: It is clear that globalization is something more than a purely economic phenomenon manifesting itself on a global scale. Based on my broader research of the topic of globalization and its effects, we may conclude that the process has had many positive and negative aspects. Some countries gained more benefits than others; some people lost their jobs while some of them get employment using the benefits of the globalization. Taking the positive side in the process, I believe that international organizations and governments have to support the phenomenon of globalization by implementing fair rules and regulations equal for all players and countries. International organization like WTO, World Bank, IMF have to foreseen the countries especially developing countries to change the criteria of attracting foreign companies in which the resources, safety and country stability will be the main criteria of attracting foreign capital, rather than exploitation labor force or neglecting the main safety and environmental standards. By creating a fair competition the trend of multi nationals companies will slow down and will provide room for development and maintain of small and medium companies. Strict law and regulations has to be foreseen from the international organizations to the governments and main players (multinational companies) in the process of globalization in which they will monitor the effects and take the right actions that will boost only the positive and beneficial aspects. Globalization People in the world are much more connected than ever before. Goods and services produced in Asia or Africa short after are available on the other continents in the world. Travelers moving in other countries more frequent. International communication based on last technology achievements, (the internet) make people to communicate in much easier way than ever before. Information, data, and money flow are trade all around the world quickly than ever. This phenomenon has been named as Globalization. In the modern world globalizations has been identified as system of communications and relations among the countries that will help to develop the global economy and people living standard. It mostly refers to the integration of trade and industry, political and cultural exchanges all over the world. [1] Joseph Stiglitz, an economist and winner of the Nobel Prize defines globalization as the closer integration of the countries and peoples of the world †¦ brought about by the enormous reduction of costs of transportation and communication, and the breaking down of artificial barriers to the flows of goods, services, capital, knowledge, and people across borders. [2] Impact of the globalization Some argue that globalization is a positive development as it will help to develop new industries and will create more jobs in developing countries, while other says that the globalization is negative. They believe that it may force poorer countries of the world to do whatever the big developed countries tell them to do. Another viewpoint is that developed countries, like USA, Canada, are the ones who may lose out because they are involved in outsourcing many of the manufacturing jobs that used to be done by their own citizens. Positive effects of the globalization: The positive effects are numerous and extremely beneficial for everyone in all countries. The following effects have been identified as the major benefits of the Globalization: Increased Competition It’s more than obvious if the market is bigger and more companies could offer the products at the same market and under same conditions the final consumers would feel the benefic in terms of financial and quality. Customer service approaches to production have led to improved quality of products and services. As the domestic companies have to fight out foreign competition, they are compelled to raise their standards and customer satisfaction levels in order to survive in the market. Employment Many companies like NIKE, Mercedes, ProcterGamble, have transferred the production into developing countries having the opportunity to use the benefits of it, like reducing the unemployment rate, higher government revenue expectation due to different taxes etc. However, the employment benefit of the globalization may have negative effect. Due to global nature of the businesses, people of developing countries can obtain employment opportunities, but the developed countries have lost jobs on account of this movement of jobs to the developing world. Investment and Capital Flows One of the most positive impacts of globalization in China is the flow of foreign capital. Many companies have directly invested in China by starting the production factories there. Chinese companies which have been performing well, both in China and abroad, will attract a lot of foreign investment, and pushes up the reserve of foreign exchange available in China. This is also one of the positive effects of globalization in US and other developed countries as developing countries give them a good investment proposition. Foreign Trade Foreign trade has had positive impact records in the history. Globalization process through different organization like World Trade Organization, IMF and others have been established with a view to control and regulate the trade activities of the countries. [3] Spread of Technical Know-How It is generally assumed that all the innovations happen in the developed countries. Due to globalization the know-how comes into developing countries that help them to use the benefits of it and speed up the developing process. Without globalization the knowledge of new inventions, medicines would remain in the countries that came up, and no one else would benefit. But due to improved political ties, there is a flow of information both ways. Spread of technical know how may be counted as one of the most positive aspect of the globalization. [4] Spread of Culture This effect of globalization has many positive impacts but also we may find it as reason of intolerance between different nationalities that leads to wars. Societies have become larger as they have welcomed people of other civilizations and backgrounds and created a whole new culture of their own. Cooking styles, languages and customs have spread all due to globalization. The same can be said about movies, musical styles and other art forms. They too have moved from one country to another, leaving an impression on a culture which has adopted them. Spread of Education One of the most powerful positive effects of globalization to the people is the spread of education. People from different continents may study abroad and gaining the positive experience may not find in their own country. A good example of that is how the American managers went to Japan to learn the best practices in the field of mass production and incorporated that knowledge in their own production units. Legal and Ethical Effects Gone are the days where the limited jurisdiction became a barrier in the prosecution of criminals. These days due to international courts of justice, these criminals can no longer seek protection in a foreign country. Due to globalization, there is also an understanding between the security agencies and the police of two or more different countries who will come together to curb  global terrorism. This is undoubtedly one of the greatest positive effects of globalization on society. [5] Negative impact of the globalization Globalization has the negative side as well. Opponents of the globalization point out to the following negative effects: Employment issues Many companies have transferred the manufacturing work in developing countries like China where the cost of the production goods are lower. That means fewer jobs for the people in developed countries. Programmers, accountant and others in developed countries lost their job due to outsourcing to cheaper location like Pakistan, India. Etc. In additional, globalization has led to exploitation of labor. P Prisoners and child workers are used to work in inhumane conditions while safety standards are ignored to produce cheap goods. Job insecurity seems to be real problem of globalization. While in the past people had stable and permanent jobs, today they live in constant dread of losing their jobs to competition. Increased job competition has led to salary reduction and lower standards of living. Safety and security concerns Advanced technology does not mean that always will be used in a proper way, like to improve the people life or to benefit the global economy. Terrorists use the internet to communicate between themselves and also they have access to sophisticated weapons that increase their ability to inflict damages. This is undoubtedly the negative effects of the globalization. [6] Environmental issues Many companies in the developing countries have set up the industries causing pollution due to the poor environmental regulation. Other negative effects: †¢ Bad aspects of foreign cultures are affecting the local cultures through TV and the Internet. †¢ Enemy nations and organization can spread propaganda through the Internet. The domino effect in the Egypt and Libya come as the result of fast and easy channels of transferring information. †¢ Deadly diseases are being spread by travelers to the remotest corners of the globe. †¢ The increase in prices has reduced the government’s ability to sustain social welfare schemes in developed countries. †¢ Multinational companies and corporations which were previously restricted to commercial activities are increasingly influencing political decisions. [7] What is the influence of the globalization process in India India opened up the economy for foreign investors in the early nineties. The new government has implemented law, regulations, and globalization strategy that will be in favor of international businesses and radically pushed forward market oriented economy. The government of India made changes in its economic policy in 1991 by which it allowed direct foreign investments in the country. As a result of this, globalization of the Indian Industry took place on a major scale. Liberalization that was established in the 1990’s included the following major changes: Modifying of the industrial licensing regime, †¢ Reduction in the number of areas reserved for the public sector, †¢ Amendment of the monopolies and the restrictive trade practices, †¢ Start of the privatization programme, †¢ Reduction in tariff rates and change over to market determined exchange rates. [8] Over the years the liberalization of the Indian market become reality, more and more sectors opened up for foreign direct investments facilitating the entry of industries like steel, pharmaceutical, petroleum, chemical, textile, cement, retail and etc. One of the great changes, the sharply reduction of the tariffs rates contributed to speed up the process of foreign investment. â€Å"The Indian tariff rates reduced from average of 72. 5% in 1991-92 to 24. 6 in 1996-97. Though tariff rates went up slowly in the late nineties it touched 35. 1% in 2001-02. India is committed to reduced tariff rates. Peak tariff rates are to be reduced to be reduced to the minimum with a peak rate of 20%, in another 2 years most non-tariff barriers have been dismantled by March 2002, including almost all quantitative restrictions. [9] One of the major impacts of the globalization in Indian industry is that many international companies have decided to invest there particularly in the pharmaceutical, petroleum, and manufacturing industries. It helped Indian economy to develop significantly. Those investments has reduced the unemployment rate in country and brought highly advanced technology that helped to make the Indian Industry more technologically ad vanced. The various negative effects of Globalization on Indian Industry are that it increased competition between the foreign and domestic companies. Goods produced by the foreign companies were cheaper and better to the one produced by the domestic companies. It reduced the profit of the domestic companies and many people lost the jobs. This happened mainly in the pharmaceutical, manufacturing, chemical, and steel industries. The negative effects of Globalization on Indian Industry are that with the coming of technology the number of labor required decreased and this resulted with higher unemployment rate. [10] Globalization effect to the Indian women: Globalization has had negative implications for Indian women. According to estimates from World Development Indicators, â€Å"Women work two-thirds of the world’s working hours, produce half of the world’s food, but earn only ten percent of the world’s income, and own less than one percent of the world’s property. †[11] In India most of the women work two full time jobs. One in a factory where they are paid almost nothing, the  other is in home where they are paid nothing. One example of women’s labor being exploited would be the Noida Export Processing Zone, which is 24 km from  New Delhi. These â€Å"zones† prefer to hire women because they are more docile and more productive in men. In short they are easier to control and less likely to retaliate against less than ideal working conditions, which are exactly what thousands of women encounter 12 hours a day. The zone is dangerous, hot, and unsanitary. Unnecessary body searches are routine. There are no maternity benefits and minimum wage is never enforced. Women who become pregnant or marry are immediately fired. Overtime is compulsory but women are paid lower rates than men. In order to avoid being fired, women turn to unsafe abortions performed by unqualified â€Å"doctors. In the zone â€Å"respiratory problems, pelvic inflammatory disease, and sever cases of dehydration and anemia are common. †[12] What are the main players in the process of Globalizations Transnational Corporations: Large corporations (such as Nike, Hanes, Dole, Exxon, etc. ) that operate mostly in developing countries, are not regulated by any international body and because making a profit is their main responsibility, they often mov e factories in nations that offer the lowest wages, environmental standards, taxes, etc. with aim to maximize the profit and lower the production costs. Of the world’s primary economic financial powers (with the largest revenue), 49 are countries— and 51 are corporations. [13] Investors: Investment firms, banks, mutual funds and hedge funds, etc. , who â€Å"move† money around constantly, buying and selling internationally. World Trade Organization: â€Å"The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and international trade agreement which developed at the Bretton Woods Conference. This conference also created WTO the United Nations, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The WTO develops and enforces trade rules for all member nations; for example it can decide that certain country’s environmental standards are unfair barriers to trade. World Bank and IMF: The World Bank and IMF make loans for development purposes (roads, power plants, etc. ) to developing countries to move people out of poverty and into self-sufficiency. When poor countries fall behind in loan payments (they cannot seek bankruptcy protection like corporations such as Enron can), the Bank makes additional loans that dictate the poor country’s economic system so it can pay back the growing interest. These structural adjustment policies (SAPs) have meant countries in Africa, for example, have had to cut back funding for health care, education, and social services. People in these counties must now grow food for export to pay off loans rather than for feeding their own people. U. S. Treasury Department: U. S. Treasury department controls 17% of the World Bank and IMF decision-making power by giving it a larger share of power than any other country in decisions. It also plays a dominant role in the WTO. Many of its decisions in these bodies are shaped by the U. S. Treasury Department which handles financial and currency matters for U. S. Government. NGO’s: Non-governmental organizations are a wide range of non-profit groups representing different communities and segments of civil society. Such groups are increasingly working together through growing networks to bring positive change and economic justice to people in poverty and without power. †[14] List of references: http://global_india1. tripod. com/negative. htm http://www. scribd. com/doc/49266417/Effects-of-Globalization-on-Indian-Industry http://www. buzzle. com/articles/negative-effects-of-globalization. tml http://iecblogs. org/informational/globlisation-its-impact-on-india http://usforeignpolicy. about. com/od/trade/a/whatisgz. htm http://mindtools. net/GlobCourse/gdef. shtml http://ezinearticles. com/? The-Positive-Effects-of-Globalizationid=1126427 http://www. buzzle. com/articles/negative-effects-of-globalization. html http://iecblogs. org/informational/globlisation-it s-impact-on-india Business Organisation And Management (For Delhi University B. Com Hons. Course http://www. scribd. com/doc/49266417/Effects-of-Globalization-on-Indian-Industry by Phillip Tomlinson; http://www. simulconference. om/clients/sowf/dispatches/dispatch22. html http://www. ramveena. com/p/ramveena-india-is-one-of-few-countries. html http://juan-globalization. blogspot. com/ http://members. iimetro. com. au/~hubbca/globalisation. htm http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization http://riskreport. weforum. org/ Words: 2779 ———————– [1] http://usforeignpolicy. about. com/od/trade/a/whatisgz. htm [2] http://mindtools. net/GlobCourse/gdef. shtml [3] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization [4] http://members. iimetro. com. au/~hubbca/globalisation. htm [5] http://ezinearticles. com/? The-Positive-Effects-of-Globalizationid=1126427 [6] http://riskreport. weforum. org/ [7] http://www. buzzle. com/articles/negative-effects-of-globalization. html [8] http://iecblogs. org/informational/globlisation-its-impact-on-india [9] Business Organisation And Management (For Delhi University B. Com Hons. Course [10] http://www. scribd. com/doc/49266417/Effects-of-Globalization-on-Indian-Industry [11] by Phillip Tomlinson; http://www. simulconference. com/clients/sowf/dispatches/dispatch22. html [12] http://www. ramveena. com/p/ramveena-india-is-one-of-few-countries. html [13] http://juan-globalization. blogspot. com/ [14] How to cite Globalization Positive Effects, Essay examples

Community Development Theory and Practices †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Community Development Theory and Practices. Answer: Introduction The following essay is prepared to basically get a clear idea of the community development theory and practices. The essay has aimed to verify the role of the NGOs and the INGOs regarding the different aid programs that they undertake to facilitate the community as a whole. The NGOs are the Nongovernmental organizations which are basically involved in different welfare activities that are aimed at benefiting the lower strata of the society. The activities may involve providing relief during times of distress, undertaking healthcare programs like polio vaccination, TB vaccination or engaging in relief operations and last but not the least in any sense organizing and mobilizing funds for the development of the community. The NGOs have a clear role in coordination, collaboration and bridging the communication gap between the different individuals of the community (Bennett 2014). Some of the main tasks of NGOs, INGOs and donors are; Completition of the Charity-Mission- The non governmental bodies as mentioned helps a targeted sector of economy which includes healthcare, education, assisting different self help groups and many others as such. Large NGOs can also provide different loans which can be beneficial for the growth of the company. Communication and Relationship- Development of the communities help to increase communication and relationship between the different people of the community. Communication helps to understand the connection to make fundraising or donation in the targeted areas. The NGOs also act as a mediator to solve any rural problems. Voice to the government- The institutions provides a database of the problems of the villagers and the population of the other rural areas to the government in details. This helps in the proper communication between the government and the NGOs and helps to allocate and mobilize the development funds easily (Islam 2017). Initiate New Technology- The following institutions can use the latest technologies to improve the conditions of the4 people who are in real need. The organizations can also appoint experts in their ranks who may be engaged in the training and development of the different natives. Characteristics of NGO Intervention The aid should be managed in a proper and efficient way to better achieve the greater development impact. In the year 2000 the leaders of the world made a series of historic commitments at the UN Millennium Summit (Bennett 2014). The leaders took the pledge of assisting each other and working together in a fixed structure to manage the dehumanizing conditions that people face in underdeveloped regions of the world. The member nations agreed to make the following program a reality by the year 2015 and the primary task of this developmental process was assigned to the developing countries while on the other hand the donor countries or the developed countries with a negligible amount of poverty and other problems were assigned to play a supportive role to develop the condition of the former countries. The main aim of such a project was to increase the aid effectiveness (Amin 2014). Within the different sectors that an NGO it is quite possible to determine the different NGO activities. The main aim of the NGOs has been to fill the gaps that has been taking on the activities of the provisions in the community where government intervention has been very less or the provisions which does not seems to be a priority for the government. The organizations face a lot of difficulties in working in rural areas either because of the failure to mobilize the funds properly or the extreme conditions that exist in these areas. The main aim of the NGOs is to make sure that these areas receive a basic transformation to change the extreme condition of the lives of the population residing in these areas. There are some common problems that the NGOs faces while they try to ensure sustainability, this happens mainly because NGO actions are regional and in most of the cases are implemented on a local basis. Many such projects have earlier failed the test of times as because there has been absence of capacity development. NGOs and Changing Aid Agenda The supply side of the international aid community is pre dominated by a selected group of players globally. Some of them are the aids provided by the government of the developed countries, World Bank and the United Nations (Molenaers et al. 2015). The aid allocation decisions include different types of self interested motivations like opening up of international markets. The aid decisions by the government are clearly based on public opinions. There are political dimensions to the implementation of aid through large scale bilateral and multilateral bureaucracies. The rise of the NGOs has thus helped to address problems in the sector related to the traditional aid supply. In the beginning the individuals or some foundations directly donates the NGOs and address their preferences for specific aid projects like in times of distress or like donating money for a social cause (Seeberg et al. 2017). The NGOs must be accountable to the populations who are actively contributed resources and the people for whom the NGOs work for. The smaller organizational structure of the NGOs involves smaller costs of bureaucracy and increases the need of greater efficiency to use the funds that have been donated in a much better way. In the developing countries foreign aid plays a major role in the developmental process of the country. As mentioned earlier the developed countries sends fund to the developing and underdeveloped countries to develop their infrastructure and use this funds for the development of the backward class of people facing extreme forms of poverty (Amin 2014). The government of the latter countries or the underdeveloped or developing countries grants or allocates the fund to the different NGOs and INGOs to mobilize them for the welfare of the poor people. Generally foreign aid forms a vital portion of the funds that are mobilized by the NGOs of a country. A study conducted on such parameters has suggested that the use of different foreign aids has seen a great push in the last 10 years. A popular example can be taken out from a recent example. After the devastating earthquake of Nepal funds poured in from almost every country and every NGOs. The funds were mobilized to restructure the whole of Nepal and help the distressed people who practically lost everything after such a major disaster. Importance of NGOs in realizing International Goals The NGOs as mentioned earlier holds the key to the success of different international development projects that are undertaken by the local Government (Brandl 2015). It is practically impossible for the government to reach out to every places that needs attention in the areas of concern. On the other hand it is of utmost importance of reaching out to the places to mobilize the funds for the development of the region (Steinwand 2015). The NGOs help the government in these times as they take all the responsibilities from the shoulders of the government and visits the places and the people which is completely or partially absent from the reach of the government. The NGOs not only visits the places they are involved in a detailed research of the place along with the collection of some vital information regarding the place and the population. The collection of this particular information helps to make understand the issues of the people living here, the infrastructural push that needs to be provided in the region and the problems that are associated in this particular region. The problems that are identified by the organizations are shared with the government and the government allocates the fund on the basis of the report. The organizations in turn mobilize the fund in the regions and try to eradicate the problems of the particular region. Therefore the NGO have the main responsibility to build a bridge between the needy and the distressed community and the government (Bebbington et al. 2013). Aid Policies The government has formulated a number of different policies for controlling the aids received from the different sources. The policies are formulated taking into considerations a number of different factors that helps to maintain a uninterrupted flow of aids into the country for development purposes (Mawdsley et al. 2014). Once the government receives the funds from the foreign sources or donors they calls for a meeting to analyze and determine the amount of aids needed by people or a community or help needed in a particular region. After the determination of the funding structure the main task of the government is to allocate the proper amount of funds as the resources to the different organizations. Just after this the NGOs are there to mobilize the funds in a proper and efficient manner for the development of the area or the population. Paradigm of Capacity Development Capacity Development has been attracting more and more attention in the background of ever changing aid structure. NGOs have developed the abilities for themselves to have an impact of capacity development of state institutions (Fee and McGrath-Champ 2017). The recent transformation of the donor policies in the recent times has made it mandatory for the governments and the institutions to change their policies for being sustainable. Capacity development also faces serious grievances as it raises the question on who should be involved in what and their duties. Within the education sector, the knowledge of the NGOs in the realm of education. Such knowledge proves to be particularly valuable to meet the current challenges of the following sector. Challenges of NGOs The aims and objectives of the nongovernmental organizations totally depends on the specific issues, areas and the mission on which they work. The NGOs perform lots of activities from involving themselves in relief operations, involving themselves in education sector or providing relief for the poverty stricken people in different areas or improving the living infrastructure of a particular community. The main aim of the organization is to make sure that the funds allocated by the government are utilized in an efficient manner. The main challenges of the different NGOs while the utilization of funds is; Absence of Strategic Planning- The absence of strategic planning is a long standing because that causes hindrance to the operations of the different NGOs (Steinwand 2015). The lack of a cohesive strategic plan does not help the cause of the cause of the organization as because it lacks the purpose of achieving results in any specific missions. Poor governance and networking- The absence of proper governance is very much common in modern day NGOs. It is very much important to have a proper governance as because such a governance model helps in the proper functioning of the operations in the NGO. Governance is very much essential for the foundational to transparency (Mawdsley et al. 2014). On the other hand networking is a major challenge for all these firms and there has been a reputation among the NGOs to have a disorganized networking structure. The inability of the organization to learn from experiences costs the organization in the long run as it hampers the sustainability of the organization. International Non Governmental organization around the NGOs must communicate with each other to achieve positive results in global projects. Most of the NGOs do not maximize the use of the current technologies to communicate and facilitatemanagement in a better and organized way. Lack of Communication- As mentioned in the earlier point the lack of effective communication has been a vital backlog for the proper functioning of the NGOs and the proper aid restructuring. The aid that reaches out to the people can be only structured if there is a proper communication between the different stakeholders involved in the NGO project (Smillie et al. 2013). The effective communication structure helps the organization to make the best of the projects. Therefore communication must be kept intact from both sides to make sure that the developmental aid allocated to the company is successfully implemented. Effective communication must be established globally with every organization that are involved directly or indirectly with the developmental process. Development Approaches- The development approaches are formulated by the government and the officials of the NGOs in a proper way that determines the best path for the success of the different developmental programs (Islam 2017). The main problems that the organization faces are to properly structurize the total system. The NGOs face hurdles when they try to provide the best services and empower people on different activities. Conclusion The following essay has identified the different elements related to the aids provided by the NGOs. After a through revision of the total essay the readers will be updated with different information regarding the works of NGOs and the fund allocation system of the organizations. The aims of the essay have been overall achieved in the essay as because all the necessary elements as well as the main points have been clearly discussed in the project. The capacity development program of NGOs has been clearly highlighted in this essay. 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